What to know about asthma

Asthma symptoms can start at any age. About one in 12 adults are now diagnosed with the disease. Genetics and environmental factors may play a role in its development. Women are more susceptible than men.
Asthma is a serious, chronic disease that affects the lungs and narrows the airways that deliver air to the lungs. Although symptoms of asthma sometimes vary, the telltale signs usually include a scratchy throat or tightness in the chest, followed by a cough, wheezing and shortness of breath.
Asthma causes symptoms when the bronchial tubes become narrowed and hyperactive. An asthma "attack" begins when the airways become inflamed in response to a trigger, causing the mucous membranes covering the walls to become swollen with fluid. When this sticky mucus fills the remaining space in the airway, it makes it very difficult to breathe.

Peak flow meters are used to measure one's peak expiratory flow rate

These symptoms tend to come and go, and are related to the degree of airway narrowing in the lungs. The airways are sensitive to a variety of stimuli, which may include viral illnesses (such as the common cold), allergens, exercise, foods or environmental conditions.
Asthma attacks vary in length and severity. They can be mild, moderate or severe, and can last for minutes, hours or even days. Attacks can occur anywhere and at any time. Many occur at night. Depending on the severity of the disease, treatment options include the use of anti-inflammatory medications, steroids, bronchodilators and inhalers.


The common triggers of asthma are well documented. They include:


» Allergens: The leading triggers of asthma include allergies to dust/dust mites, pollen, mold, animal dander or fur and cockroaches.
» Infections: Both viral and bacterial infections can trigger asthma.
» Irritants: Strong odors and sprays, certain chemicals and changing weather conditions (for example, breathing in very cold, dry air can trigger an asthma attack).
» Smoke: Cigarette smoke is especially hard on the airways of people with asthma.

Salbutamol metered dose inhaler commonly used to treat asthma attacks.

» Exercise: Although exercise is good for people with asthma, it can trigger an attack.
» Anxiety: Strong emotions and nervous stress seem to trigger asthma attacks in some people.


An important way to reduce the allergens is to reduce the number of dust mites at home. It helps to run the air conditioning in the summer months and to avoid using a humidifier in the winter, because mites thrive in a warm, moist environment.


Other helpful tips to reduce triggers:


» Eliminate household pets (especially cats), if possible.
» Vacuum regularly.
» Replace carpeting with wood or tile floors, especially in bedrooms.
» Cover bedding and pillows with airtight, plastic covers.


Asthma can usually be treated successfully. However, this requires being well educated about the disease and becoming an active partner in managing it. It is important to seek continued education and health maintenance with your primary care provider.